Noma does not emerge from poverty using a single pathway. Rather, it develops across a complex web of vulnerabilities.

Health financing can influence access to services, the availability of medicines and health workers, quality of care and protection from the financial consequences of illness.

Public health business models in Nigeria and LMICs stand at a crossroads amid dual waves of creative destruction - COVID-19's brutal reboot and AI's compounding reinvention. While the pandemic exposed the fragility of grants and siloed systems, AI promises predictive power and efficiency, as seen in tools like AwaDoc and Zipline's pay-for-performance drones.

In health system terms, fragility refers to the inability of health facilities to consistently deliver essential health services due to disrupted infrastructure, shortage of workforce, financing gaps, and poor coordination.